又见白娘子全集下载,网游小说完本排行榜,神秘首席的契约
本章我们要制作一个俄罗斯方块游戏。
tetris
译注：称呼：方块是由四个小方格组成的
俄罗斯方块游戏是世界上最流行的游戏之一。是由一名叫alexey pajitnov的俄罗斯程序员在1985年制作的，从那时起，这个游戏就风靡了各个游戏平台。
俄罗斯方块归类为下落块迷宫游戏。游戏有7个基本形状：s、z、t、l、反向l、直线、方块，每个形状都由4个方块组成，方块最终都会落到屏幕底部。所以玩家通过控制形状的左右位置和旋转，让每个形状都以合适的位置落下，如果有一行全部被方块填充，这行就会消失，并且得分。游戏结束的条件是有形状接触到了屏幕顶部。
方块展示：
pyqt5是专门为创建图形界面产生的，里面一些专门为制作游戏而开发的组件，所以pyqt5是能制作小游戏的。
制作电脑游戏也是提高自己编程能力的一种很好的方式。
开发
没有图片，所以就自己用绘画画出来几个图形。每个游戏里都有数学模型的，这个也是。
开工之前：
代码由四个类组成：tetris, board, tetrominoe和shape。tetris类创建游戏，board是游戏主要逻辑。tetrominoe包含了所有的砖块，shape是所有砖块的代码。
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#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
zetcode pyqt5 tutorial
this is a tetris game clone.
author: jan bodnar
website: zetcode.com
last edited: august 2017
"""
from pyqt5.qtwidgets import qmainwindow, qframe, qdesktopwidget, qapplication
from pyqt5.qtcore import qt, qbasictimer, pyqtsignal
from pyqt5.qtgui import qpainter, qcolor
import sys, random
class tetris(qmainwindow):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initui()
def initui(self):
'''initiates application ui'''
self.tboard = board(self)
self.setcentralwidget(self.tboard)
self.statusbar = self.statusbar()
self.tboard.msg2statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showmessage)
self.tboard.start()
self.resize(180, 380)
self.center()
self.setwindowtitle('tetris')
self.show()
def center(self):
'''centers the window on the screen'''
screen = qdesktopwidget().screengeometry()
size = self.geometry()
self.move((screen.width()-size.width())/2,
(screen.height()-size.height())/2)
class board(qframe):
msg2statusbar = pyqtsignal(str)
boardwidth = 10
boardheight = 22
speed = 300
def __init__(self, parent):
super().__init__(parent)
self.initboard()
def initboard(self):
'''initiates board'''
self.timer = qbasictimer()
self.iswaitingafterline = false
self.curx = 0
self.cury = 0
self.numlinesremoved = 0
self.board = []
self.setfocuspolicy(qt.strongfocus)
self.isstarted = false
self.ispaused = false
self.clearboard()
def shapeat(self, x, y):
'''determines shape at the board position'''
return self.board[(y * board.boardwidth) + x]
def setshapeat(self, x, y, shape):
'''sets a shape at the board'''
self.board[(y * board.boardwidth) + x] = shape
def squarewidth(self):
'''returns the width of one square'''
return self.contentsrect().width() // board.boardwidth
def squareheight(self):
'''returns the height of one square'''
return self.contentsrect().height() // board.boardheight
def start(self):
'''starts game'''
if self.ispaused:
return
self.isstarted = true
self.iswaitingafterline = false
self.numlinesremoved = 0
self.clearboard()
self.msg2statusbar.emit(str(self.numlinesremoved))
self.newpiece()
self.timer.start(board.speed, self)
def pause(self):
'''pauses game'''
if not self.isstarted:
return
self.ispaused = not self.ispaused
if self.ispaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(board.speed, self)
self.msg2statusbar.emit(str(self.numlinesremoved))
self.update()
def paintevent(self, event):
'''paints all shapes of the game'''
painter = qpainter(self)
rect = self.contentsrect()
boardtop = rect.bottom() - board.boardheight * self.squareheight()
for i in range(board.boardheight):
for j in range(board.boardwidth):
shape = self.shapeat(j, board.boardheight - i - 1)
if shape != tetrominoe.noshape:
self.drawsquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squarewidth(),
boardtop + i * self.squareheight(), shape)
if self.curpiece.shape() != tetrominoe.noshape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curx + self.curpiece.x(i)
y = self.cury - self.curpiece.y(i)
self.drawsquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squarewidth(),
boardtop + (board.boardheight - y - 1) * self.squareheight(),
self.curpiece.shape())
def keypressevent(self, event):
'''processes key press events'''
if not self.isstarted or self.curpiece.shape() == tetrominoe.noshape:
super(board, self).keypressevent(event)
return
key = event.key()
if key == qt.key_p:
self.pause()
return
if self.ispaused:
return
elif key == qt.key_left:
self.trymove(self.curpiece, self.curx - 1, self.cury)
elif key == qt.key_right:
self.trymove(self.curpiece, self.curx + 1, self.cury)
elif key == qt.key_down:
self.trymove(self.curpiece.rotateright(), self.curx, self.cury)
elif key == qt.key_up:
self.trymove(self.curpiece.rotateleft(), self.curx, self.cury)
elif key == qt.key_space:
self.dropdown()
elif key == qt.key_d:
self.onelinedown()
else:
super(board, self).keypressevent(event)
def timerevent(self, event):
'''handles timer event'''
if event.timerid() == self.timer.timerid():
if self.iswaitingafterline:
self.iswaitingafterline = false
self.newpiece()
else:
self.onelinedown()
else:
super(board, self).timerevent(event)
def clearboard(self):
'''clears shapes from the board'''
for i in range(board.boardheight * board.boardwidth):
self.board.append(tetrominoe.noshape)
def dropdown(self):
'''drops down a shape'''
newy = self.cury
while newy > 0:
if not self.trymove(self.curpiece, self.curx, newy - 1):
break
newy -= 1
self.piecedropped()
def onelinedown(self):
'''goes one line down with a shape'''
if not self.trymove(self.curpiece, self.curx, self.cury - 1):
self.piecedropped()
def piecedropped(self):
'''after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape'''
for i in range(4):
x = self.curx + self.curpiece.x(i)
y = self.cury - self.curpiece.y(i)
self.setshapeat(x, y, self.curpiece.shape())
self.removefulllines()
if not self.iswaitingafterline:
self.newpiece()
def removefulllines(self):
'''removes all full lines from the board'''
numfulllines = 0
rowstoremove = []
for i in range(board.boardheight):
n = 0
for j in range(board.boardwidth):
if not self.shapeat(j, i) == tetrominoe.noshape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowstoremove.append(i)
rowstoremove.reverse()
for m in rowstoremove:
for k in range(m, board.boardheight):
for l in range(board.boardwidth):
self.setshapeat(l, k, self.shapeat(l, k + 1))
numfulllines = numfulllines + len(rowstoremove)
if numfulllines > 0:
self.numlinesremoved = self.numlinesremoved + numfulllines
self.msg2statusbar.emit(str(self.numlinesremoved))
self.iswaitingafterline = true
self.curpiece.setshape(tetrominoe.noshape)
self.update()
def newpiece(self):
'''creates a new shape'''
self.curpiece = shape()
self.curpiece.setrandomshape()
self.curx = board.boardwidth // 2 + 1
self.cury = board.boardheight - 1 + self.curpiece.miny()
if not self.trymove(self.curpiece, self.curx, self.cury):
self.curpiece.setshape(tetrominoe.noshape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isstarted = false
self.msg2statusbar.emit("game over")
def trymove(self, newpiece, newx, newy):
'''tries to move a shape'''
for i in range(4):
x = newx + newpiece.x(i)
y = newy - newpiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= board.boardwidth or y < 0 or y >= board.boardheight:
return false
if self.shapeat(x, y) != tetrominoe.noshape:
return false
self.curpiece = newpiece
self.curx = newx
self.cury = newy
self.update()
return true
def drawsquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
'''draws a square of a shape'''
colortable = [0x000000, 0xcc6666, 0x66cc66, 0x6666cc,
0xcccc66, 0xcc66cc, 0x66cccc, 0xdaaa00]
color = qcolor(colortable[shape])
painter.fillrect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squarewidth() - 2,
self.squareheight() - 2, color)
painter.setpen(color.lighter())
painter.drawline(x, y + self.squareheight() - 1, x, y)
painter.drawline(x, y, x + self.squarewidth() - 1, y)
painter.setpen(color.darker())
painter.drawline(x + 1, y + self.squareheight() - 1,
x + self.squarewidth() - 1, y + self.squareheight() - 1)
painter.drawline(x + self.squarewidth() - 1,
y + self.squareheight() - 1, x + self.squarewidth() - 1, y + 1)
class tetrominoe(object):
noshape = 0
zshape = 1
sshape = 2
lineshape = 3
tshape = 4
squareshape = 5
lshape = 6
mirroredlshape = 7
class shape(object):
coordstable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)),
((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)),
((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)),
((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)),
((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1))
)
def __init__(self):
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
self.pieceshape = tetrominoe.noshape
self.setshape(tetrominoe.noshape)
def shape(self):
'''returns shape'''
return self.pieceshape
def setshape(self, shape):
'''sets a shape'''
table = shape.coordstable[shape]
for i in range(4):
for j in range(2):
self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]
self.pieceshape = shape
def setrandomshape(self):
'''chooses a random shape'''
self.setshape(random.randint(1, 7))
def x(self, index):
'''returns x coordinate'''
return self.coords[index][0]
def y(self, index):
'''returns y coordinate'''
return self.coords[index][1]
def setx(self, index, x):
'''sets x coordinate'''
self.coords[index][0] = x
def sety(self, index, y):
'''sets y coordinate'''
self.coords[index][1] = y
def minx(self):
'''returns min x value'''
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def maxx(self):
'''returns max x value'''
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def miny(self):
'''returns min y value'''
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def maxy(self):
'''returns max y value'''
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def rotateleft(self):
'''rotates shape to the left'''
if self.pieceshape == tetrominoe.squareshape:
return self
result = shape()
result.pieceshape = self.pieceshape
for i in range(4):
result.setx(i, self.y(i))
result.sety(i, -self.x(i))
return result
def rotateright(self):
'''rotates shape to the right'''
if self.pieceshape == tetrominoe.squareshape:
return self
result = shape()
result.pieceshape = self.pieceshape
for i in range(4):
result.setx(i, -self.y(i))
result.sety(i, self.x(i))
return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
app = qapplication([])
tetris = tetris()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
游戏很简单，所以也就很好理解。程序加载之后游戏也就直接开始了，可以用p键暂停游戏，空格键让方块直接落到最下面。游戏的速度是固定的，并没有实现加速的功能。分数就是游戏中消除的行数。
self.tboard = board(self) self.setcentralwidget(self.tboard)
创建了一个board类的实例，并设置为应用的中心组件。
self.statusbar = self.statusbar() self.tboard.msg2statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showmessage)
创建一个statusbar来显示三种信息：消除的行数，游戏暂停状态或者游戏结束状态。msg2statusbar是一个自定义的信号，用在（和）board类（交互），showmessage()方法是一个内建的，用来在statusbar上显示信息的方法。
self.tboard.start()
初始化游戏：
class board(qframe): msg2statusbar = pyqtsignal(str) ...
创建了一个自定义信号msg2statusbar，当我们想往statusbar里显示信息的时候，发出这个信号就行了。
boardwidth = 10 boardheight = 22 speed = 300
这些是board类的变量。boardwidth和boardheight分别是board的宽度和高度。speed是游戏的速度，每300ms出现一个新的方块。
... self.curx = 0 self.cury = 0 self.numlinesremoved = 0 self.board = [] ...
在initboard()里初始化了一些重要的变量。self.board定义了方块的形状和位置，取值范围是0-7。
def shapeat(self, x, y): return self.board[(y * board.boardwidth) + x]
shapeat()决定了board里方块的的种类。
def squarewidth(self): return self.contentsrect().width() // board.boardwidth
board的大小可以动态的改变。所以方格的大小也应该随之变化。squarewidth()计算并返回每个块应该占用多少像素--也即board.boardwidth。
def pause(self):
'''pauses game'''
if not self.isstarted:
return
self.ispaused = not self.ispaused
if self.ispaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(board.speed, self)
self.msg2statusbar.emit(str(self.numlinesremoved))
self.update()
pause()方法用来暂停游戏，停止计时并在statusbar上显示一条信息。
def paintevent(self, event): '''paints all shapes of the game''' painter = qpainter(self) rect = self.contentsrect() ...
渲染是在paintevent()方法里发生的qpainter负责pyqt5里所有低级绘画操作。
for i in range(board.boardheight):
for j in range(board.boardwidth):
shape = self.shapeat(j, board.boardheight - i - 1)
if shape != tetrominoe.noshape:
self.drawsquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squarewidth(),
boardtop + i * self.squareheight(), shape)
渲染游戏分为两步。第一步是先画出所有已经落在最下面的的图，这些保存在self.board里。可以使用shapeat()查看这个这个变量。
if self.curpiece.shape() != tetrominoe.noshape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curx + self.curpiece.x(i)
y = self.cury - self.curpiece.y(i)
self.drawsquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squarewidth(),
boardtop + (board.boardheight - y - 1) * self.squareheight(),
self.curpiece.shape())
第二步是画出更在下落的方块。
elif key == qt.key_right: self.trymove(self.curpiece, self.curx + 1, self.cury)
在keypressevent()方法获得用户按下的按键。如果按下的是右方向键，就尝试把方块向右移动，说尝试是因为有可能到边界不能移动了。
elif key == qt.key_up: self.trymove(self.curpiece.rotateleft(), self.curx, self.cury)
上方向键是把方块向左旋转一下
elif key == qt.key_space: self.dropdown()
空格键会直接把方块放到底部
elif key == qt.key_d: self.onelinedown()
d键是加速一次下落速度。
def trymove(self, newpiece, newx, newy):
for i in range(4):
x = newx + newpiece.x(i)
y = newy - newpiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= board.boardwidth or y < 0 or y >= board.boardheight:
return false
if self.shapeat(x, y) != tetrominoe.noshape:
return false
self.curpiece = newpiece
self.curx = newx
self.cury = newy
self.update()
return true
trymove()是尝试移动方块的方法。如果方块已经到达board的边缘或者遇到了其他方块，就返回false。否则就把方块下落到想要
def timerevent(self, event):
if event.timerid() == self.timer.timerid():
if self.iswaitingafterline:
self.iswaitingafterline = false
self.newpiece()
else:
self.onelinedown()
else:
super(board, self).timerevent(event)
在计时器事件里，要么是等一个方块下落完之后创建一个新的方块，要么是让一个方块直接落到底（move a falling piece one line down）。
def clearboard(self):
for i in range(board.boardheight * board.boardwidth):
self.board.append(tetrominoe.noshape)
clearboard()方法通过tetrominoe.noshape清空broad。
def removefulllines(self):
numfulllines = 0
rowstoremove = []
for i in range(board.boardheight):
n = 0
for j in range(board.boardwidth):
if not self.shapeat(j, i) == tetrominoe.noshape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowstoremove.append(i)
rowstoremove.reverse()
for m in rowstoremove:
for k in range(m, board.boardheight):
for l in range(board.boardwidth):
self.setshapeat(l, k, self.shapeat(l, k + 1))
numfulllines = numfulllines + len(rowstoremove)
...
如果方块碰到了底部，就调用removefulllines()方法，找到所有能消除的行消除它们。消除的具体动作就是把符合条件的行消除掉之后，再把它上面的行下降一行。注意移除满行的动作是倒着来的，因为我们是按照重力来表现游戏的，如果不这样就有可能出现有些方块浮在空中的现象。
def newpiece(self):
self.curpiece = shape()
self.curpiece.setrandomshape()
self.curx = board.boardwidth // 2 + 1
self.cury = board.boardheight - 1 + self.curpiece.miny()
if not self.trymove(self.curpiece, self.curx, self.cury):
self.curpiece.setshape(tetrominoe.noshape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isstarted = false
self.msg2statusbar.emit("game over")
newpiece()方法是用来创建形状随机的方块。如果随机的方块不能正确的出现在预设的位置，游戏结束。
class tetrominoe(object): noshape = 0 zshape = 1 sshape = 2 lineshape = 3 tshape = 4 squareshape = 5 lshape = 6 mirroredlshape = 7
tetrominoe类保存了所有方块的形状。我们还定义了一个noshape的空形状。
shape类保存类方块内部的信息。
class shape(object):
coordstable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
...
)
...
coordstable元组保存了所有的方块形状的组成。是一个构成方块的坐标模版。
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
上面创建了一个新的空坐标数组，这个数组将用来保存方块的坐标。
坐标系示意图：
上面的图片可以帮助我们更好的理解坐标值的意义。比如元组(0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, -1)代表了一个z形状的方块。这个图表就描绘了这个形状。
def rotateleft(self):
if self.pieceshape == tetrominoe.squareshape:
return self
result = shape()
result.pieceshape = self.pieceshape
for i in range(4):
result.setx(i, self.y(i))
result.sety(i, -self.x(i))
return result
rotateleft()方法向右旋转一个方块。正方形的方块就没必要旋转，就直接返回了。其他的是返回一个新的，能表示这个形状旋转了的坐标。
程序展示：
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