本篇写一些关于linux网络相关的基础命令、配置等。
1.查看主机名
[root@localhost ~]# hostname localhost.localdomain
2.临时修改主机名
我要评论[root@localhost ~]# hostname server
[root@localhost ~]# bash
[root@server ~]# hostname
server
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/hostname
localhost.localdomain
[root@server ~]# hostnamectl status
static hostname: localhost.localdomain
transient hostname: server
icon name: computer-vm
chassis: vm
machine id: ec132d04a74d4b7e828b3905a6b83437
boot id: 8d0046a6366944b08b3eb7e69b431f6b
virtualization: vmware
operating system: centos linux 7 (core)
cpe os name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
kernel: linux 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
architecture: x86-64
3.永久修改主机名
[root@server ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname client
[root@server ~]# bash
[root@client ~]# hostname
client
[root@client ~]# cat /etc/hostname
client
[root@client ~]# hostnamectl status
static hostname: client
icon name: computer-vm
chassis: vm
machine id: ec132d04a74d4b7e828b3905a6b83437
boot id: 8d0046a6366944b08b3eb7e69b431f6b
virtualization: vmware
operating system: centos linux 7 (core)
cpe os name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
kernel: linux 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
architecture: x86-64
1.查看已启用的网络接口信息
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<up,broadcast,running,multicast> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.28.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.28.255
inet6 fe80::605e:3c48:bafd:e550 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:bc:ab:96 txqueuelen 1000 (ethernet)
rx packets 471 bytes 520023 (507.8 kib)
rx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
tx packets 241 bytes 19798 (19.3 kib)
tx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<up,loopback,running> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1 (local loopback)
rx packets 68 bytes 5916 (5.7 kib)
rx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
tx packets 68 bytes 5916 (5.7 kib)
tx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<up,broadcast,multicast> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:c3:55:5a txqueuelen 1000 (ethernet)
rx packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 b)
rx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
tx packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 b)
tx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
ens33：第一块以太网卡的名称。ens33中的en是ethernet的缩写，表示网卡类型为以太网，s表示热插拔插槽上的设备hot-plug slot，数字33表示插槽编号。
lo：回环网络接口，lo是loopback的缩写，它不代表真正的网络接口，而是一个虚拟的网络接口，其ip地址默认是127.0.0.1。回环地址通常仅用于对本机的网络测试。
virbr0：虚拟网桥的连接接口，默认为0号。其作用是连接主机上的虚机网卡提供外网的功能。
2.查看指定的网络接口信息
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<up,broadcast,running,multicast> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.28.129 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.28.255
inet6 fe80::eb90:4805:2c20:18ac prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:5b:e0:09 txqueuelen 1000 (ethernet)
rx packets 899 bytes 207777 (202.9 kib)
rx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
tx packets 205 bytes 26253 (25.6 kib)
tx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
inet：表示网络接口的ip地址。
netmask：表示网络接口的子网掩码。
broadcast：表示网络接口所在网络的广播地址。
ether：表示网络接口的mac地址。
3.设置网络接口的ip地址、子网掩码
ifconfig 接口名 ip地址 [netmask 子网掩码]
ifconfig 接口名 ip地址[/掩码长度]
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 192.168.100.10 netmask 255.255.255.0
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<up,broadcast,running,multicast> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.100.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.100.255
inet6 fe80::605e:3c48:bafd:e550 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:bc:ab:96 txqueuelen 1000 (ethernet)
rx packets 626 bytes 562243 (549.0 kib)
rx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
tx packets 262 bytes 23344 (22.7 kib)
tx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
临时配置，重启失效。不指定子网掩码时，将使用
ip地址所在分类的默认子网掩码。
4.临时禁用或者重新激活网卡
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 down
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4098<broadcast,multicast> mtu 1500
ether 00:0c:29:bc:ab:96 txqueuelen 1000 (ethernet)
rx packets 1067 bytes 667057 (651.4 kib)
rx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
tx packets 263 bytes 23404 (22.8 kib)
tx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 up
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<up,broadcast,running,multicast> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.28.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.28.255
inet6 fe80::605e:3c48:bafd:e550 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:bc:ab:96 txqueuelen 1000 (ethernet)
rx packets 1078 bytes 668954 (653.2 kib)
rx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
tx packets 285 bytes 26835 (26.2 kib)
tx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
5.设置虚拟网络接口
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33:0 192.168.100.10
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33:0
ens33:0: flags=4163<up,broadcast,running,multicast> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.100.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.100.255
ether 00:0c:29:bc:ab:96 txqueuelen 1000 (ethernet)
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33:0 down
1.查看当前主机中的路由表信息
-n：将路由记录中的地址显示位数字形式
[root@localhost ~]# route kernel ip routing table destination gateway genmask flags metric ref use iface default promote.cache-d 0.0.0.0 ug 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.28.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 0 virbr0
[root@localhost ~]# route -n kernel ip routing table destination gateway genmask flags metric ref use iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.28.2 0.0.0.0 ug 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.28.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 0 virbr0
2.添加、删除到指定网段的路由记录
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 192.168.100.0/24 gw 192.168.28.1 [root@localhost ~]# route -n kernel ip routing table destination gateway genmask flags metric ref use iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.28.2 0.0.0.0 ug 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.28.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.100.0 192.168.28.1 255.255.255.0 ug 0 0 0 ens33 192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 0 virbr0
[root@localhost ~]# route del -net 192.168.100.0/24 [root@localhost ~]# route -n kernel ip routing table destination gateway genmask flags metric ref use iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.28.2 0.0.0.0 ug 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.28.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 0 virbr0
3。添加、删除默认网关记录
[root@localhost ~]# route add default gw 192.168.28.1 [root@localhost ~]# route -n kernel ip routing table destination gateway genmask flags metric ref use iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.28.1 0.0.0.0 ug 0 0 0 ens33 0.0.0.0 192.168.28.2 0.0.0.0 ug 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.28.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 0 virbr0
[root@localhost ~]# route del default gw 192.168.28.1 [root@localhost ~]# route -n kernel ip routing table destination gateway genmask flags metric ref use iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.28.2 0.0.0.0 ug 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.28.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 100 0 0 ens33 192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 0 virbr0
-n：以数字的形式显示相关的主机地址、端口等信息。
-t：查看tcp传输控制协议相关的信息。
-u：显示udp用户数据报协议相关的信息。
-a：显示当前主机中所有活动的网络连接信息，包括监听、非监听状态的服务端口。
-l：显示处于监听listening状态的网络连接及端口信息。
-p：显示与网络连接相关联的进程号、进程名称信息，该选项需要root权限。
-r：显示路由表信息。
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -ntap active internet connections (servers and established) proto recv-q send-q local address foreign address state pid/program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* listen 1/systemd tcp 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:* listen 1335/dnsmasq tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* listen 1009/sshd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* listen 1012/cupsd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* listen 1306/master tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* listen 1/systemd tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* listen 1009/sshd tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* listen 1012/cupsd tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* listen 1306/master
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -nuap active internet connections (servers and established) proto recv-q send-q local address foreign address state pid/program name udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5353 0.0.0.0:* 578/avahi-daemon: r udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:12162 0.0.0.0:* 799/dhclient udp 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:* 1335/dnsmasq udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:67 0.0.0.0:* 1335/dnsmasq udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 799/dhclient udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* 624/chronyd udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:51570 0.0.0.0:* 578/avahi-daemon: r udp6 0 0 :::25751 :::* 799/dhclient udp6 0 0 ::1:323 :::* 624/chronyd
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -r kernel ip routing table destination gateway genmask flags mss window irtt iface default promote.cache-d 0.0.0.0 ug 0 0 0 ens33 192.168.28.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 0 ens33 192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 0 virbr0 [root@localhost ~]# netstat -rn kernel ip routing table destination gateway genmask flags mss window irtt iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.28.2 0.0.0.0 ug 0 0 0 ens33 192.168.28.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 0 ens33 192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 0 virbr0
[root@localhost ~]# ping -c 4 127.0.0.1 ping 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.084 ms 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.085 ms 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.096 ms --- 127.0.0.1 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3009ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.036/0.075/0.096/0.023 ms
[root@localhost ~]# traceroute 127.0.0.1 traceroute to 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 localhost (127.0.0.1) 0.040 ms 0.010 ms 0.008 ms
traceroute命令能够比ping命令更加准确地定位网络连接的故障点，因此执行速度会比ping命令稍慢。在网络测试与排错过程中，通常会先使用ping命令测试与目的主机的网络连接，如果发现网络连接有故障，再使用traceroute命令跟踪查看是在哪个中间结点存在故障。
[root@localhost ~]# nslookup www.baidu.com server: 192.168.28.2 address: 192.168.28.2#53 non-authoritative answer: www.baidu.com canonical name = www.a.shifen.com. name: www.a.shifen.com address: 183.232.231.174 name: www.a.shifen.com address: 183.232.231.172
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 type=ethernet bootproto=static device=ens33 onboot=yes ipaddr=192.168.100.10 netmask=255.255.255.0 gateway=192.168.100.1
type：设置网卡类型，ethernet表示以太网。
bootproto：设置网络接口的配置方式，值为static时表示使用静态指定的ip地址，为dhcp时表示通过dhcp的方式动态获取地址。
device：设置网络接口的名称。
onboot：设置网络接口是否在linux操作系统启动时激活。
ipaddr：设置网络接口的ip地址。
netmask：设置网络接口的子网掩码。
gateway：设置网络接口的默认网关地址。
[root@localhost ~]# ifdown ens33
device 'ens33' successfully disconnected.
[root@localhost ~]# ifup ens33
connection successfully activated (d-bus active path: /org/freedesktop/networkmanager/activeconnection/5)
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<up,broadcast,running,multicast> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.100.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.100.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:febc:ab96 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:bc:ab:96 txqueuelen 1000 (ethernet)
rx packets 5640 bytes 1889047 (1.8 mib)
rx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
tx packets 410 bytes 37045 (36.1 kib)
tx errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]# service network restart restarting network (via systemctl): [ ok ]
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart network
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4 ::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
当访问一个未知的域名时，先查找该文件中是否有相应的映射记录，如果找不到再去向
dns服务器查询。
3个，第3个后面的会被忽略。[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf # generated by networkmanager search localdomain nameserver 192.168.28.2
search localdomain：设置默认的搜索域（域名扩展名）。
例如，当访问主机localhost时，就相当于访问localhost.localdomain。
本地 → 对方
[root@localhost ~]# scp /etc/hosts root@192.168.28.129:/etc/hosts the authenticity of host '192.168.28.129 (192.168.28.129)' can't be established. ecdsa key fingerprint is sha256:qmztjt0pibuskf9p3gfyf3ueogzbws08si7j0ebe/ci. ecdsa key fingerprint is md5:ef:e6:06:22:8a:0f:24:00:f8:af:a5:59:5b:a2:b8:b1. are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes warning: permanently added '192.168.28.129' (ecdsa) to the list of known hosts. root@192.168.28.129's password: hosts 100% 158 172.5kb/s 00:00
对方 → 本地
[root@localhost ~]# scp root@192.168.28.129:/etc/hosts /etc/hosts root@192.168.28.129's password: hosts 100% 158 90.5kb/s 00:00
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