良许在工作中，写过一个 shell 脚本，这个脚本可以从 4 个 ntp 服务器轮流获取时间，然后将最可靠的时间设置为系统时间。
因为我们对于时间的要求比较高，需要在短时间内就获取到正确的时间。所以我们就需要对这个脚本运行时间进行测试，看看从开始运行到正确设置时间需要花费多少时间。
其实在工作中，还有很多情况下需要测试一个脚本或者程序运行多少时间，特别是对于时间性要求比较高的系统更是如此。
对于时间的测试，我们可以用到一个命令：time 。下面我们就详细看看如何使用 time 命令来对脚本/命令进行测时。
time 命令最基本的用法，就是 time + 命令 ，比如：
$ time ping baidu.com ping baidu.com (123.125.114.144) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=2.83 ms 64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=2.77 ms ………… ^c --- baidu.com ping statistics --- 8 packets transmitted, 8 received, 0% packet loss, time 10818ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.765/2.808/2.862/0.039 ms real 0m11.173s user 0m0.004s sys 0m0.002s
在结果里，real 表示从我们执行 ping 命令到最终按 ctrl+c 终止这段时间所耗费的时间；user 及 sys 分别表示 ping 命令在用户空间及内核空间所运行的时间。
如果我们想把时间信息直接写入到文件，而不是显示在屏幕上，那么我们可以使用 -o 选项，并指定写入的文件路径。
$ /usr/bin/time -o /home/alvin/time-output.txt ping baidu.com
执行这个命令后，ping 命令的输出结果依然会在终端里，而 time 命令的结果就写入到我们所指定的 time-output.txt 文件里。
-o 选项表示输出文件不存在就创建，如果存在的话就直接覆盖重写。如果我们不想覆盖重写，而是想追加在文件后面，我们可以使用 -a 选项。
$ /usr/bin/time -a /home/smart/time-output.txt ping linoxide.com
time 命令不带选项的话，显示的信息量比较少，如果我们想获得更详细的信息，那么我们可以使用 -v 选项。
我要评论$ /usr/bin/time -v ping baidu.com
ping baidu.com (123.125.114.144) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=2.75 ms
64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=2.76 ms
64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=2.85 ms
64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=4 ttl=56 time=2.77 ms
^c
--- baidu.com ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3300ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.751/2.785/2.851/0.075 ms
command being timed: "ping baidu.com"
user time (seconds): 0.00
system time (seconds): 0.00
percent of cpu this job got: 0%
elapsed (wall clock) time (h:mm:ss or m:ss): 0:03.64
average shared text size (kbytes): 0
average unshared data size (kbytes): 0
average stack size (kbytes): 0
average total size (kbytes): 0
maximum resident set size (kbytes): 2140
average resident set size (kbytes): 0
major (requiring i/o) page faults: 0
minor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 626
voluntary context switches: 10
involuntary context switches: 0
swaps: 0
file system inputs: 0
file system outputs: 0
socket messages sent: 0
socket messages received: 0
signals delivered: 0
page size (bytes): 4096
exit status: 0
这个结果信息就相当详细了，我们可以获取到足够多我们所需要的信息。
默认情况下，time 命令只输出 real，usr，sys 三个内容，如果我们想要个性化一些，算定义它的输出格式，time 命令也是支持的。time 命令支持的格式有很多，如下所示：
c - name and command line arguments used d - average size of the process's unshared data area in kilobytes e - elapsed time in a clock format f - number of page faults i - number of file system inputs by the process k - average total memory use of the process in kilobytes m - maximum resident set the size of the process during the lifetime in kilobytes o - number of file system outputs by the process p - percentage of cpu that the job received r - number of minor or recoverable page faults s - total number of cpu seconds used by the system in kernel mode u - total number of cpu seconds used by user mode w - number of times the process was swapped out of main memory x - average amount of shared text in the process z - system's page size in kilobytes c - number of times the process was context-switched e - elapsed real time used by the process in seconds k - number of signals delivered to the process p - average unshared stack size of the process in kilobytes r - number of socket messages received by the process s - number of socket messages sent by the process t - average resident set size of the process in kilobytes w - number of time the process was context-switched voluntarily x - exit status of the command
如果我们想要输出以下这样的格式：
elapsed time = 0:01:00, inputs 2, outputs 1
我们可以这样自定义：
$ /usr/bin/time -f "elapsed time = %e, inputs %i, outputs %o" ping baidu.com ping baidu.com (220.181.38.148) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=1.82 ms 64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=1.86 ms ^c --- baidu.com ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3003ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.825/1.859/1.879/0.056 ms elapsed time = 0:03.92, inputs 0, outputs 0
如果你想让输出的结果有换行，可以在对应的地方添加 \n ，比如：
$ /usr/bin/time -f "elapsed time = %e \n inputs %i \n outputs %o" ping baidu.com
这样输出的结果就类似于这样：
elapsed time = 0:03.92 inputs 0 outputs 0
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