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1、task的优势
threadpool相比thread来说具备了很多优势，但是threadpool却又存在一些使用上的不方便。比如：
◆ threadpool不支持线程的取消、完成、失败通知等交互性操作；
◆ threadpool不支持线程执行的先后次序；
以往，如果开发者要实现上述功能，需要完成很多额外的工作，现在，fcl中提供了一个功能更强大的概念：task。task在线程池的基础上进行了优化，并提供了更多的api。在fcl4.0中，如果我们要编写多线程程序，task显然已经优于传统的方式。
以下是一个简单的任务示例：
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using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
task t = new task(() =>
{
console.writeline("任务开始工作……");
//模拟工作过程
thread.sleep(5000);
});
t.start();
t.continuewith((task) =>
{
console.writeline("任务完成，完成时候的状态为：");
console.writeline("iscanceled={0}\tiscompleted={1}\tisfaulted={2}", task.iscanceled, task.iscompleted, task.isfaulted);
});
console.readkey();
}
}
}
2、task的用法
2.1、创建任务
无返回值的方式
方式1:
var t1 = new task(() => taskmethod("task 1"));
t1.start();
task.waitall(t1);//等待所有任务结束
注:
任务的状态:
start之前为:created
start之后为:waitingtorun
方式2:
task.run(() => taskmethod("task 2"));
方式3:
task.factory.startnew(() => taskmethod("task 3")); 直接异步的方法
或者
var t3=task.factory.startnew(() => taskmethod("task 3"));
task.waitall(t3);//等待所有任务结束
注:
任务的状态:
start之前为:running
start之后为:running
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
var t1 = new task(() => taskmethod("task 1"));
var t2 = new task(() => taskmethod("task 2"));
t2.start();
t1.start();
task.waitall(t1, t2);
task.run(() => taskmethod("task 3"));
task.factory.startnew(() => taskmethod("task 4"));
//标记为长时间运行任务,则任务不会使用线程池,而在单独的线程中运行。
task.factory.startnew(() => taskmethod("task 5"), taskcreationoptions.longrunning);
#region 常规的使用方式
console.writeline("主线程执行业务处理.");
//创建任务
task task = new task(() =>
{
console.writeline("使用system.threading.tasks.task执行异步操作.");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
console.writeline(i);
}
});
//启动任务,并安排到当前任务队列线程中执行任务(system.threading.tasks.taskscheduler)
task.start();
console.writeline("主线程执行其他处理");
task.wait();
#endregion
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(1));
console.readline();
}
static void taskmethod(string name)
{
console.writeline("task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. is thread pool thread: {2}",
name, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid, thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
}
}
}
async/await的实现方式:
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
async static void asyncfunction()
{
await task.delay(1);
console.writeline("使用system.threading.tasks.task执行异步操作.");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
console.writeline(string.format("asyncfunction:i={0}", i));
}
}
public static void main()
{
console.writeline("主线程执行业务处理.");
asyncfunction();
console.writeline("主线程执行其他处理");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
console.writeline(string.format("main:i={0}", i));
}
console.readline();
}
}
}
带返回值的方式
方式4:
task<int> task = createtask("task 1");
task.start();
int result = task.result;
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
static task<int> createtask(string name)
{
return new task<int>(() => taskmethod(name));
}
static void main(string[] args)
{
taskmethod("main thread task");
task<int> task = createtask("task 1");
task.start();
int result = task.result;
console.writeline("task 1 result is: {0}", result);
task = createtask("task 2");
//该任务会运行在主线程中
task.runsynchronously();
result = task.result;
console.writeline("task 2 result is: {0}", result);
task = createtask("task 3");
console.writeline(task.status);
task.start();
while (!task.iscompleted)
{
console.writeline(task.status);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(0.5));
}
console.writeline(task.status);
result = task.result;
console.writeline("task 3 result is: {0}", result);
#region 常规使用方式
//创建任务
task<int> getsumtask = new task<int>(() => getsum());
//启动任务,并安排到当前任务队列线程中执行任务(system.threading.tasks.taskscheduler)
getsumtask.start();
console.writeline("主线程执行其他处理");
//等待任务的完成执行过程。
getsumtask.wait();
//获得任务的执行结果
console.writeline("任务执行结果：{0}", getsumtask.result.tostring());
#endregion
}
static int taskmethod(string name)
{
console.writeline("task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. is thread pool thread: {2}",
name, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid, thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(2));
return 42;
}
static int getsum()
{
int sum = 0;
console.writeline("使用task执行异步操作.");
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
sum += i;
}
return sum;
}
}
}
async/await的实现:
using system;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
public static void main()
{
var ret1 = asyncgetsum();
console.writeline("主线程执行其他处理");
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
console.writeline("call main()");
int result = ret1.result; //阻塞主线程
console.writeline("任务执行结果：{0}", result);
}
async static task<int> asyncgetsum()
{
await task.delay(1);
int sum = 0;
console.writeline("使用task执行异步操作.");
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
sum += i;
}
return sum;
}
}
}
2.2、组合任务.continuewith
简单demo:
using system;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
public static void main()
{
//创建一个任务
task<int> task = new task<int>(() =>
{
int sum = 0;
console.writeline("使用task执行异步操作.");
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
sum += i;
}
return sum;
});
//启动任务,并安排到当前任务队列线程中执行任务(system.threading.tasks.taskscheduler)
task.start();
console.writeline("主线程执行其他处理");
//任务完成时执行处理。
task cwt = task.continuewith(t =>
{
console.writeline("任务完成后的执行结果：{0}", t.result.tostring());
});
task.wait();
cwt.wait();
}
}
}
任务的串行:
using system;
using system.collections.concurrent;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
concurrentstack<int> stack = new concurrentstack<int>();
//t1先串行
var t1 = task.factory.startnew(() =>
{
stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
});
//t2,t3并行执行
var t2 = t1.continuewith(t =>
{
int result;
stack.trypop(out result);
console.writeline("task t2 result={0},thread id {1}", result, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid);
});
//t2,t3并行执行
var t3 = t1.continuewith(t =>
{
int result;
stack.trypop(out result);
console.writeline("task t3 result={0},thread id {1}", result, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid);
});
//等待t2和t3执行完
task.waitall(t2, t3);
//t7串行执行
var t4 = task.factory.startnew(() =>
{
console.writeline("当前集合元素个数：{0},thread id {1}", stack.count, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid);
});
t4.wait();
}
}
}
子任务:
using system;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
public static void main()
{
task<string[]> parent = new task<string[]>(state =>
{
console.writeline(state);
string[] result = new string[2];
//创建并启动子任务
new task(() => { result[0] = "我是子任务1。"; }, taskcreationoptions.attachedtoparent).start();
new task(() => { result[1] = "我是子任务2。"; }, taskcreationoptions.attachedtoparent).start();
return result;
}, "我是父任务，并在我的处理过程中创建多个子任务，所有子任务完成以后我才会结束执行。");
//任务处理完成后执行的操作
parent.continuewith(t =>
{
array.foreach(t.result, r => console.writeline(r));
});
//启动父任务
parent.start();
//等待任务结束 wait只能等待父线程结束,没办法等到父线程的continuewith结束
//parent.wait();
console.readline();
}
}
}
动态并行(taskcreationoptions.attachedtoparent) 父任务等待所有子任务完成后 整个任务才算完成
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class node
{
public node left { get; set; }
public node right { get; set; }
public string text { get; set; }
}
class program
{
static node getnode()
{
node root = new node
{
left = new node
{
left = new node
{
text = "l-l"
},
right = new node
{
text = "l-r"
},
text = "l"
},
right = new node
{
left = new node
{
text = "r-l"
},
right = new node
{
text = "r-r"
},
text = "r"
},
text = "root"
};
return root;
}
static void main(string[] args)
{
node root = getnode();
displaytree(root);
}
static void displaytree(node root)
{
var task = task.factory.startnew(() => displaynode(root),
cancellationtoken.none,
taskcreationoptions.none,
taskscheduler.default);
task.wait();
}
static void displaynode(node current)
{
if (current.left != null)
task.factory.startnew(() => displaynode(current.left),
cancellationtoken.none,
taskcreationoptions.attachedtoparent,
taskscheduler.default);
if (current.right != null)
task.factory.startnew(() => displaynode(current.right),
cancellationtoken.none,
taskcreationoptions.attachedtoparent,
taskscheduler.default);
console.writeline("当前节点的值为{0};处理的threadid={1}", current.text, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid);
}
}
}
2.3、取消任务 cancellationtokensource
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
private static int taskmethod(string name, int seconds, cancellationtoken token)
{
console.writeline("task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. is thread pool thread: {2}",
name, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid, thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
for (int i = 0; i < seconds; i++)
{
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(1));
if (token.iscancellationrequested) return -1;
}
return 42 * seconds;
}
private static void main(string[] args)
{
var cts = new cancellationtokensource();
var longtask = new task<int>(() => taskmethod("task 1", 10, cts.token), cts.token);
console.writeline(longtask.status);
cts.cancel();
console.writeline(longtask.status);
console.writeline("first task has been cancelled before execution");
cts = new cancellationtokensource();
longtask = new task<int>(() => taskmethod("task 2", 10, cts.token), cts.token);
longtask.start();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(0.5));
console.writeline(longtask.status);
}
cts.cancel();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(0.5));
console.writeline(longtask.status);
}
console.writeline("a task has been completed with result {0}.", longtask.result);
}
}
}
2.4、处理任务中的异常
单个任务:
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
static int taskmethod(string name, int seconds)
{
console.writeline("task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. is thread pool thread: {2}",
name, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid, thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(seconds));
throw new exception("boom!");
return 42 * seconds;
}
static void main(string[] args)
{
try
{
task<int> task = task.run(() => taskmethod("task 2", 2));
int result = task.getawaiter().getresult();
console.writeline("result: {0}", result);
}
catch (exception ex)
{
console.writeline("task 2 exception caught: {0}", ex.message);
}
console.writeline("----------------------------------------------");
console.writeline();
}
}
}
多个任务:
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
static int taskmethod(string name, int seconds)
{
console.writeline("task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. is thread pool thread: {2}",
name, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid, thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(seconds));
throw new exception(string.format("task {0} boom!", name));
return 42 * seconds;
}
public static void main(string[] args)
{
try
{
var t1 = new task<int>(() => taskmethod("task 3", 3));
var t2 = new task<int>(() => taskmethod("task 4", 2));
var complextask = task.whenall(t1, t2);
var exceptionhandler = complextask.continuewith(t =>
console.writeline("result: {0}", t.result),
taskcontinuationoptions.onlyonfaulted
);
t1.start();
t2.start();
task.waitall(t1, t2);
}
catch (aggregateexception ex)
{
ex.handle(exception =>
{
console.writeline(exception.message);
return true;
});
}
}
}
}
async/await的方式:
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
static async task thrownotimplementedexceptionasync()
{
throw new notimplementedexception();
}
static async task throwinvalidoperationexceptionasync()
{
throw new invalidoperationexception();
}
static async task normal()
{
await fun();
}
static task fun()
{
return task.run(() =>
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
console.writeline("i={0}", i);
thread.sleep(200);
}
});
}
static async task observeoneexceptionasync()
{
var task1 = thrownotimplementedexceptionasync();
var task2 = throwinvalidoperationexceptionasync();
var task3 = normal();
try
{
//异步的方式
task alltasks = task.whenall(task1, task2, task3);
await alltasks;
//同步的方式
//task.waitall(task1, task2, task3);
}
catch (notimplementedexception ex)
{
console.writeline("task1 任务报错!");
}
catch (invalidoperationexception ex)
{
console.writeline("task2 任务报错!");
}
catch (exception ex)
{
console.writeline("任务报错!");
}
}
public static void main()
{
task task = observeoneexceptionasync();
console.writeline("主线程继续运行........");
task.wait();
}
}
}
2.5、task.fromresult的应用
using system;
using system.collections.generic;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
static idictionary<string, string> cache = new dictionary<string, string>()
{
{"0001","a"},
{"0002","b"},
{"0003","c"},
{"0004","d"},
{"0005","e"},
{"0006","f"},
};
public static void main()
{
task<string> task = getvaluefromcache("0006");
console.writeline("主程序继续执行。。。。");
string result = task.result;
console.writeline("result={0}", result);
}
private static task<string> getvaluefromcache(string key)
{
console.writeline("getvaluefromcache开始执行。。。。");
string result = string.empty;
//task.delay(5000);
thread.sleep(5000);
console.writeline("getvaluefromcache继续执行。。。。");
if (cache.trygetvalue(key, out result))
{
return task.fromresult(result);
}
return task.fromresult("");
}
}
}
2.6、使用iprogress实现异步编程的进程通知
iprogress<in t>只提供了一个方法void report(t value)，通过report方法把一个t类型的值报告给iprogress,然后iprogress<in t>的实现类progress<in t>的构造函数接收类型为action<t>的形参，通过这个委托让进度显示在ui界面中。
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
static void doprocessing(iprogress<int> progress)
{
for (int i = 0; i <= 100; ++i)
{
thread.sleep(100);
if (progress != null)
{
progress.report(i);
}
}
}
static async task display()
{
//当前线程
var progress = new progress<int>(percent =>
{
console.clear();
console.write("{0}%", percent);
});
//线程池线程
await task.run(() => doprocessing(progress));
console.writeline("");
console.writeline("结束");
}
public static void main()
{
task task = display();
task.wait();
}
}
}
2.7、factory.fromasync的应用 (简apm模式(委托)转换为任务)(beginxxx和endxxx)
带回调方式的
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
private delegate string asynchronoustask(string threadname);
private static string test(string threadname)
{
console.writeline("starting...");
console.writeline("is thread pool thread: {0}", thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(2));
thread.currentthread.name = threadname;
return string.format("thread name: {0}", thread.currentthread.name);
}
private static void callback(iasyncresult ar)
{
console.writeline("starting a callback...");
console.writeline("state passed to a callbak: {0}", ar.asyncstate);
console.writeline("is thread pool thread: {0}", thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
console.writeline("thread pool worker thread id: {0}", thread.currentthread.managedthreadid);
}
//执行的流程是 先执行test--->callback--->task.continuewith
static void main(string[] args)
{
asynchronoustask d = test;
console.writeline("option 1");
task<string> task = task<string>.factory.fromasync(
d.begininvoke("asynctaskthread", callback, "a delegate asynchronous call"), d.endinvoke);
task.continuewith(t => console.writeline("callback is finished, now running a continuation! result: {0}",
t.result));
while (!task.iscompleted)
{
console.writeline(task.status);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(0.5));
}
console.writeline(task.status);
}
}
}
不带回调方式的
using system;
using system.threading;
using system.threading.tasks;
namespace consoleapp1
{
class program
{
private delegate string asynchronoustask(string threadname);
private static string test(string threadname)
{
console.writeline("starting...");
console.writeline("is thread pool thread: {0}", thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(2));
thread.currentthread.name = threadname;
return string.format("thread name: {0}", thread.currentthread.name);
}
//执行的流程是 先执行test--->task.continuewith
static void main(string[] args)
{
asynchronoustask d = test;
task<string> task = task<string>.factory.fromasync(
d.begininvoke, d.endinvoke, "asynctaskthread", "a delegate asynchronous call");
task.continuewith(t => console.writeline("task is completed, now running a continuation! result: {0}",
t.result));
while (!task.iscompleted)
{
console.writeline(task.status);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(0.5));
}
console.writeline(task.status);
}
}
}
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