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服务器的监控通过安装一些常用的监控软件之外，有时也需要运行一些shell或python脚本；shell下可以使用系统自带的ps/free/top/df等shell命令，python可以调用subprocess等模块来运行shell命令，不过这么做就比较麻烦。这里有一个比较好用的第三方模块：psutil。
psutil是一个跨平台的库，用于在python中检索有关运行进程和系统利用率（cpu，内存，磁盘，网络，传感器）的信息。它主要用于系统监视，分析，限制进程资源和运行进程的管理。它实现了unix命令行工具提供的许多功能，例如：ps，top，lsof，netstat，ifconfig，who，df，kill，free，nice，ionice，iostat，iotop，uptime，pidof，tty，taskset，pmap。 psutil目前支持以下平台：
...
等装有python2.6至3.6的32-bit和64-bit架构. 也可以在pypy上运行。
安装
文中示例均在python版本3.6环境下运行；
# pip3 install psutil
常用模块
获取psutil版本信息
in [1]: import psutil in [2]: psutil.version_info out[2]: (5, 4, 3
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获取cpu信息
in [3]: psutil.cpu_count() # 逻辑cpu核数 out[3]: 4 in [4]: psutil.cpu_count(logical=false) # 物理cpu核数 out[4]: 2 in [5]: psutil.cpu_times() # cpu的用户、系统、空闲时间 out[5]: scputimes(user=240773.0, nice=0.0, system=96416.32, idle=1161930.41) in [9]: psutil.cpu_percent(percpu=true) # 获取每个cpu的使用率，类似top命令 out[9]: [43.3, 22.0, 42.0, 23.0] in [10]: top = [psutil.cpu_percent(interval=i, percpu=true) for i in range(10)] #设置每秒刷新时间间隔，统计十次的结果 in [11]: top out[11]: [[40.8, 19.7, 38.5, 20.7], [25.7, 5.9, 13.0, 5.0], [35.0, 15.6, 30.0, 14.4], [23.7, 7.0, 18.3, 7.4], [38.5, 17.0, 34.2, 17.5], [37.2, 19.6, 36.3, 20.0], [29.6, 16.6, 28.8, 16.8], [37.7, 19.0, 35.4, 18.7], [30.8, 16.3, 26.9, 16.5], [44.2, 27.9, 41.5, 28.6]]
获取内存信息
in [13]: psutil.virtual_memory() #获取内存统计数据，单位bytes，我这里8g内存 out[13]: svmem(total=8589934592, available=1891045376, percent=78.0, used=6053986304, free=15130624, active=1878392832, inactive=1875914752, wired=2299678720) in [14]: psutil.swap_memory() # 获取swap的统计数据 out[14]: sswap(total=2147483648, used=1340866560, free=806617088, percent=62.4, sin=126090076160, sout=3524710400)
获取磁盘信息
我要评论in [17]: psutil.disk_partitions() #获取磁盘分区信息
out[17]: [sdiskpart(device='/dev/disk1', mountpoint='/', fstype='hfs', opts='rw,local,rootfs,dovolfs,journaled,multilabel')]
in [20]: psutil.disk_usage('/') # 获取分区使用情况，这里使用了25.4%
out[20]: sdiskusage(total=499055067136, used=126482944000, free=372309979136, percent=25.4)
in [22]: psutil.disk_io_counters() #磁盘io情况
out[22]: sdiskio(read_count=7364142, write_count=6510641, read_bytes=282106464256, write_bytes=261763244544, read_time=2608778, write_time=1095259)
获取网络信息
in [23]: psutil.net_if_stats() # 获取网卡接口状态
out[23]:
{'awdl0': snicstats(isup=true, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_unknown: 0>, speed=0, mtu=1484),
'bridge0': snicstats(isup=true, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_unknown: 0>, speed=0, mtu=1500),
'en0': snicstats(isup=true, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_unknown: 0>, speed=0, mtu=1500),
'en1': snicstats(isup=true, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_full: 2>, speed=0, mtu=1500),
'en2': snicstats(isup=true, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_full: 2>, speed=0, mtu=1500),
'gif0': snicstats(isup=false, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_unknown: 0>, speed=0, mtu=1280),
'lo0': snicstats(isup=true, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_unknown: 0>, speed=0, mtu=16384),
'p2p0': snicstats(isup=true, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_unknown: 0>, speed=0, mtu=2304),
'stf0': snicstats(isup=false, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_unknown: 0>, speed=0, mtu=1280),
'utun0': snicstats(isup=true, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_unknown: 0>, speed=0, mtu=2000),
'utun1': snicstats(isup=true, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_unknown: 0>, speed=0, mtu=1352)}
in [25]: psutil.net_if_stats().get("en0") #获取单个网卡en0的状态
out[25]: snicstats(isup=true, duplex=<nicduplex.nic_duplex_unknown: 0>, speed=0, mtu=1500)
in [26]: psutil.net_if_addrs() # 获取所有网卡的地址信息
out[26]:
{'awdl0': [snic(family=<addressfamily.af_link: 18>, address='36:7d:f3:80:6e:4e', netmask=none, broadcast=none, ptp=none),
snic(family=<addressfamily.af_inet6: 30>, address='fe80::347d:f3ff:fe80:6e4e%awdl0', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::', broadcast=none, ptp=none)],
'bridge0': [snic(family=<addressfamily.af_link: 18>, address='4a:00:02:c0:33:70', netmask=none, broadcast=none, ptp=none)],
'en0': [snic(family=<addressfamily.af_inet: 2>, address='192.168.0.101', netmask='255.255.255.0', broadcast='192.168.0.255', ptp=none),
snic(family=<addressfamily.af_link: 18>, address='ac:bc:32:91:32:8b', netmask=none, broadcast=none, ptp=none),
snic(family=<addressfamily.af_inet6: 30>, address='fe80::1476:ce7e:210a:2e32%en0', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::', broadcast=none, ptp=none)],
'en1': [snic(family=<addressfamily.af_link: 18>, address='4a:00:02:c0:33:70', netmask=none, broadcast=none, ptp=none)],
'en2': [snic(family=<addressfamily.af_link: 18>, address='4a:00:02:c0:33:71', netmask=none, broadcast=none, ptp=none)],
'lo0': [snic(family=<addressfamily.af_inet: 2>, address='127.0.0.1', netmask='255.0.0.0', broadcast=none, ptp=none),
snic(family=<addressfamily.af_inet6: 30>, address='::1', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff', broadcast=none, ptp=none),
snic(family=<addressfamily.af_inet6: 30>, address='fe80::1%lo0', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::', broadcast=none, ptp=none)],
'p2p0': [snic(family=<addressfamily.af_link: 18>, address='0e:bc:32:91:32:8b', netmask=none, broadcast=none, ptp=none)],
'utun0': [snic(family=<addressfamily.af_inet6: 30>, address='fe80::583c:77a0:6b93:b045%utun0', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::', broadcast=none, ptp=none)],
'utun1': [snic(family=<addressfamily.af_inet: 2>, address='10.5.200.244', netmask=none, broadcast=none, ptp='10.5.200.244')]}
# 获取en0网卡的地址， 这里包括mac和ipv6地址
in [40]: for addr in psutil.net_if_addrs().get("en0"):
...: print(addr.address)
192.168.0.101
ac:bc:32:91:32:8b
fe80::1476:ce7e:210a:2e32%en0
in [43]: psutil.net_io_counters() # 获取网络读写字节/包的个数
out[43]: snetio(bytes_sent=174614221, bytes_recv=586279725, packets_sent=863903, packets_recv=873583, errin=0, errout=0, dropin=0, dropout=0)
in [45]: psutil.net_connections() # 获取网络连接信息，注意这里需要root权限。
获取进程信息：
in [46]: psutil.pids() # 获取所有进程id in [47]: psutil.process(61) # 获取指定pid的进程信息 out[47]: psutil.process(pid=61, name='dsaccessservice', started='2018-02-26 09:57:04') in [49]: psutil.process(45573).exe() # 获取进程的exe路径 out[49]: '/usr/local/cellar/python3/3.6.3/frameworks/python.framework/versions/3.6/resources/python.app/contents/macos/python' in [50]: psutil.process(45573).name() # 获取进程名称 out[50]: 'python' in [52]: psutil.process(45573).cmdline() # 获取进程启动的命令 out[52]: ['/usr/local/cellar/python3/3.6.3/frameworks/python.framework/versions/3.6/resources/python.app/contents/macos/python', '/usr/local/bin/ptipython'] in [56]: psutil.process(45573).num_threads() # 获取进程的线程数量 out[56]: 3 in [57]: psutil.process(45573).environ() # 获取进程的环境变量信息
总结：
使用psutil模块可以做到比较全面的对系统的监控，如果你正在考虑用python做一个监控系统或者脚本工具，可以有些考虑此模块。
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