公用表表达式 (CTE) 具有一个重要的优点,那就是能够引用其自身,从而创建递归 CTE。递归 CTE 是一个重复执行初始 CTE 以返回数据子集直到获取完整结果集的公用表表达式。
当某个查询引用递归 CTE 时,它即被称为递归查询。递归查询通常用于返回分层数据,例如:显示某个组织图中的雇员或物料清单方案(其中父级产品有一个或多个组件,而那些组件可能还有子组件,或者是其他父级产品的组件)中的数据。
递归 CTE 可以极大地简化在 SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE 或 CREATE VIEW 语句中运行递归查询所需的代码。在 SQL Server 的早期版本中,递归查询通常需要使用临时表、游标和逻辑来控制递归步骤流。
Transact-SQL 中的递归 CTE 的结构与其他编程语言中的递归例程相似。尽管其他语言中的递归例程返回标量值,但递归 CTE 可以返回多行。
递归 CTE 由下列三个元素组成:
递归 CTE 结构必须至少包含一个定位点成员和一个递归成员。以下伪代码显示了包含一个定位点成员和一个递归成员的简单递归 CTE 的组件。
WITH cte_name ( column_name [,...n] ) AS ( CTE_query_definition –- Anchor member is defined. UNION ALL CTE_query_definition –- Recursive member is defined referencing cte_name. ) -- Statement using the CTE SELECT * FROM cte_name
递归执行的语义如下:
-- Create an Employee table. CREATE TABLE dbo.MyEmployees ( EmployeeID smallint NOT NULL, FirstName nvarchar(30) NOT NULL, LastName nvarchar(40) NOT NULL, Title nvarchar(50) NOT NULL, DeptID smallint NOT NULL, ManagerID int NULL, CONSTRAINT PK_EmployeeID PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (EmployeeID ASC) ); -- Populate the table with values. INSERT INTO dbo.MyEmployees VALUES (1, N'Ken', N'Snchez', N'Chief Executive Officer',16,NULL) ,(273, N'Brian', N'Welcker', N'Vice President of Sales',3,1) ,(274, N'Stephen', N'Jiang', N'North American Sales Manager',3,273) ,(275, N'Michael', N'Blythe', N'Sales Representative',3,274) ,(276, N'Linda', N'Mitchell', N'Sales Representative',3,274) ,(285, N'Syed', N'Abbas', N'Pacific Sales Manager',3,273) ,(286, N'Lynn', N'Tsoflias', N'Sales Representative',3,285) ,(16, N'David',N'Bradley', N'Marketing Manager', 4, 273) ,(23, N'Mary', N'Gibson', N'Marketing Specialist', 4, 16); USE AdventureWorks2008R2; GO WITH DirectReports (ManagerID, EmployeeID, Title, DeptID, Level) AS ( -- Anchor member definition SELECT e.ManagerID, e.EmployeeID, e.Title, edh.DepartmentID, 0 AS Level FROM dbo.MyEmployees AS e INNER JOIN HumanResources.EmployeeDepartmentHistory AS edh ON e.EmployeeID = edh.BusinessEntityID AND edh.EndDate IS NULL WHERE ManagerID IS NULL UNION ALL -- Recursive member definition SELECT e.ManagerID, e.EmployeeID, e.Title, edh.DepartmentID, Level + 1 FROM dbo.MyEmployees AS e INNER JOIN HumanResources.EmployeeDepartmentHistory AS edh ON e.EmployeeID = edh.BusinessEntityID AND edh.EndDate IS NULL INNER JOIN DirectReports AS d ON e.ManagerID = d.EmployeeID ) -- Statement that executes the CTE SELECT ManagerID, EmployeeID, Title, DeptID, Level FROM DirectReports INNER JOIN HumanResources.Department AS dp ON DirectReports.DeptID = dp.DepartmentID WHERE dp.GroupName = N'Sales and Marketing' OR Level = 0; GO
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